The top of the stack is calculated by including the worth at offset 0x28 to the deal with at the tip of the VM’s state struct. We beforehand saw that earlier than running the VM, the program allocates 0x1002c bytes of space and sets offset 0x28 to 0x10000. The VM’s state is 0x2c bytes, and the remaining space is the virtual stack. As we determined from static analysis the VM stores its state beginning at ebx, and has a register for every of the general objective registers, from offset 0x4 to 0x20. It also has a custom register at offset 0x0 which appeared solely for use for intermediate operations. However it appeared as though it would always end in an error, and it was never used within the bytecode so I couldn’t investigate it any additional and selected to represent it with a ud2 instruction. It performs a bitwise and with the register and 0x800, and if the result is non-zero then it strikes our position within the bytecode (i.e. the instruction pointer). The final slot within the context, at offset 0x28, is a form of stack pointer.

This web page was last up to date on Wednesday, May 3, 2023 at 1:Forty nine PM EDT. A number of the work you put into bettering your site Seo might not instantly mirror throughout a DA verify. The moz ranking of a site will depend on the standard and variety of links to it, which impacts its key phrase rankings. Your web site has access to solely its information, so if a site has a security vulnerability and will get infected with malware, only the recordsdata on that one site can get contaminated. We are able to see that this is almost definitely a dec handler. 11 and the 11th little bit of the flags register is the overflow flag, thus it is a jo or jump if overflow handler. This looks as if a conditional jump, which would counsel that 0x24 is the flags register. There was additionally another register at offset 0x24 whose goal was not fully clear. Modes 1 and 3 had been simple: 1 corresponded to a register (so it was followed by a size flag and the register offset), and three was an instantaneous dword loaded from the four following bytes of the bytecode. I performed some more static evaluation and, similar to the operand measurement flag, the first byte is a flag indicating the type of addressing.

I could tell the VM was most definitely stack primarily based, and appeared to have a number of various addressing modes, nevertheless it was simple to waste time tracing the precise execution of each handler. Using an anti-anti-debug plugin comparable to ScyllaHide would have been the best resolution, nevertheless I wanted to understand every anti-debug verify earlier than evading it. Evading these checks is fairly easy: I simply patched the start of every perform to jump to the ret instruction at the end. Later capabilities will pop this deal with off the stack and jump to it. 404440 demonstrates how the handlers push the handle of a operate to be executed later to the stack, and soar to the subsequent function. I added a breakpoint at the principle function we identified earlier than, and let the program execute, nevertheless I ran into a problem: the principle perform is never reached. Once we load the binary in x32dbg the preliminary breakpoint is the place ntdll.dll loads the appliance. Let’s try to debug the binary with x32dbg.

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